Version 5.9.2

# Grid

The grid is a set of invisible lines or boxes to which objects are aligned. It is familiar from newspaper printing, for example, where there are often five or six columns. All pictures or advertisements then fill one or more columns. Likewise, there are often grid lines in catalogues that work in a similar way. In this way a clear layout is achieved.

The speedata Publisher always works with such a grid. Since every publication is different, there is no way to find a sensible default for it. By default the grid is set to a size of 1cm × 1cm. It applies to the page as well as all positioning frames and groups. You can display the grid with `sp --grid` or `<Trace grid="yes"/>` in the layout. All switches of the `<Trace>` command are listed in the chapter Troubleshooting / Debugging.

    <Layout xmlns="urn:speedata.de:2009/publisher/en"
      xmlns:sd="urn:speedata:2009/publisher/functions/en">

      <SetGrid height="12pt" nx="10"/>
      <Trace grid="yes"/>
      <Pageformat width="8cm" height="4cm"/>

      <Record element="data">
        <PlaceObject column="3" row="2">
          <Textblock>
            <Paragraph>
              <Value>Hello world!</Value>
            </Paragraph>
          </Textblock>
        </PlaceObject>
      </Record>

    </Layout>

results in

If you look closely, you will see that the first and then every fifth stroke is drawn a little darker. This helps to count grid cells if necessary. The red line shows the border of the page, in the default setting the borders are 1cm each.

## Positioning objects in the grid

In the example above, you can see that the entries for row and column refer to the grid, the origin in the upper left corner has the coordinate 1,1. Besides the placement in grid coordinates, there is also the absolute placement: here, the object can always be positioned exactly at a certain position in the PDF. This is suitable, for example, for logos or background images that are to be displayed at a fixed position. These two variants cannot be combined within one output with `<PlaceObject>`: you have to choose one of the two variants.

    <!-- grid -->
    <PlaceObject row="4" column="5">
        <Image file="_samplea.pdf" width="5"/>
    </PlaceObject>

    <!-- absolute -->
    <PlaceObject row="12mm" column="5cm">
        <Image file="_samplea.pdf" width="5"/>
    </PlaceObject>

Grid-based output (top) and absolute output (bottom). For grid-based output, the specifications are coordinates in the page grid, where the upper left corner is position 1,1. For absolute positioning, the specification is measured from the upper left corner. As soon as one of the two specifications is a length specification, the absolute positioning is taken.

The line and column specifications always refer to the upper left-hand corner of the object, unless you specify with `hreference` or `vreference` that the specification should refer to the lower or right-hand corner. The objects align themselves to the upper and left edge of the first grid cell. Using halign and valign you can also align the object to the right or bottom:

    <PlaceObject column="{sd:number-of-columns()}" row="1"
        hreference="right">
      <Image file="logo.pdf" width="2.5"/>
    </PlaceObject>

    <PlaceObject column="{sd:number-of-columns()}" row="4"
        hreference="right" halign="right">
      <Image file="logo.pdf" width="2.5"/>
    </PlaceObject>

## Defining the grid

The grid is set globally with the command `<SetGrid>`. For example:

    <SetGrid height="12pt" width="5mm"/>

sets the grid height to 12 points and the width to 5 millimetres. In addition to the fixed values, there is also the possibility to set the number of grid cells horizontally and vertically:

    <SetGrid nx="9" ny="9" />

This creates a so-called nine-division, which is often used in book design. It is also possible to define distances between the grid cells, as is common in newspaper typesetting, for example:

    <SetGrid width="45mm" dx="3mm" height="12pt" />

If the grid does not fit completely into the type area, e.g. with a grid width of 3 centimeters and a page width of 10 centimeters, this leads to a conflict in the page layout. This causes the right or bottom margin to be shifted and does not match the values specified in the page type.

## What is the grid needed for?

If you call `sp` with the `--show-gridallocation` option, you can see immediately what the grid is for. Occupied cells are marked internally, so that no other object can be placed in this area. At least not without an error message or the instruction that no area needs to be reserved for it (`allocate="no"` in `<PlaceObject>`).

    <Layout xmlns="urn:speedata.de:2009/publisher/en"
      xmlns:sd="urn:speedata:2009/publisher/functions/en">

      <SetGrid height="12pt" nx="10"/>
      <Trace grid="yes" gridallocation="yes"/>
      <Pageformat width="8cm" height="4cm"/>

      <Record element="data">
        <PlaceObject column="3" row="2">
          <Textblock>
            <Paragraph>
              <Value>Hello world!</Value>
            </Paragraph>
          </Textblock>
        </PlaceObject>
      </Record>

    </Layout>

Attempting to place an object in an already occupied area gives a warning.

If you add the lines

    <PlaceObject column="1" row="1">
      <Image file="ocean.pdf" height="4"/>
    </PlaceObject>

the following grid assignment results:

and a warning:

    ...
    PlaceObject: Image in row 1 and column 1, width=4, height=4 (page 1)
    Warning: Conflict in grid
    ...

If you omit the specifications for column and row, the publisher will automatically look for the next free position.

    <Layout
      xmlns="urn:speedata.de:2009/publisher/en"
      xmlns:sd="urn:speedata:2009/publisher/functions/en">

      <Trace grid="yes"/>

      <Record element="data">
        <PlaceObject>
          <Image width="4" file="_samplea.pdf"/>
        </PlaceObject>
        <PlaceObject>
          <Image width="4" file="_sampleb.pdf"/>
        </PlaceObject>
      </Record>
    </Layout>

| Absolutely placed objects do not occupy areas in the grid by default. In this case `allocate="no"` is set. With `allocate="yes"` the behaviour can be set to the same as for objects placed in the grid.

## Separate grids in groups

Groups can have their own grid that is independent of the page grid, for example for finer positioning. This is described in the section Separate grids in groups.

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